The first step in growing cherries successfully is selecting the right variety. Not all cherry trees are suitable for the British climate, so it’s important to choose wisely. There are two main types of cherry trees according to Chris Bowers nursery: sweet cherries and sour cherries. Sweet cherries, often eaten fresh, include popular varieties such as ‘Stella,’ ‘Sunburst,’ and ‘Lapins.’ Sour cherries, used in cooking and baking, include varieties like ‘Morello’ and ‘Early Richmond.’
When selecting a variety, consider the tree’s growth habit, disease resistance, and whether it requires a pollination partner. Some cherry trees are self-fertile, meaning they don’t need another tree nearby to produce fruit, while others are not. Self-fertile varieties like ‘Stella’ are a good choice for small gardens where space for multiple trees might be limited.
Planting Cherry Trees
Planting cherry trees correctly is crucial for their long-term health and productivity. The best time to plant is in late autumn or early spring, when the tree is dormant. Choose a sunny location with well-drained soil, as cherry trees do not tolerate waterlogged conditions. If your garden soil is heavy clay, consider planting on a raised bed or mound to improve drainage.
Before planting, prepare the soil by digging a hole that is twice the width and the same depth as the tree’s root ball. Amend the soil with well-rotted compost or manure to improve fertility. Place the tree in the hole, spreading out the roots, and backfill with soil, ensuring the tree is planted at the same depth as it was in the nursery. Water thoroughly to settle the soil and eliminate air pockets.
Caring for Your Cherry Trees
Once planted, cherry trees require regular care to thrive. Water the trees deeply during dry periods, especially in the first few years as they establish their root systems. Mulching around the base of the tree with organic matter helps retain moisture, suppress weeds, and improve soil structure. Keep the mulch a few inches away from the trunk to prevent rot.
Pruning is a vital aspect of cherry tree maintenance. Pruning assists in preserving the tree’s form, enhancing air flow, and fostering robust development. Trim cherry trees during the late winter or early spring, prior to the onset of new growth. Prune any branches that are dead, diseased, or crossing one other, and reduce the density of congested regions to provide better light and air circulation inside the canopy.
Preventing Pests and Diseases
Cherry trees are susceptible to a variety of pests and diseases, which can affect fruit production and tree health. Common pests include aphids, cherry fruit flies, and birds, which can strip the tree of its fruit. Diseases such as canker, brown rot, and leaf spot can also pose significant challenges.
Regular monitoring and early intervention are key to managing these issues. For pests, consider using physical barriers like netting to protect the fruit from birds. Insecticidal soaps or horticultural oils can help control aphids and other small insects. For diseases, practicing good hygiene by removing fallen leaves and fruit can reduce the risk of infection. Copper-based fungicides can be effective against fungal diseases when applied during the dormant season.
Harvesting and Using Cherries
One of the most rewarding aspects of growing cherry trees is harvesting the fruit. The timing of the harvest depends on the variety and growing conditions but generally occurs from late June to early August. Sweet cherries are best picked when fully ripe, as they do not continue to ripen once harvested. Sour cherries can be picked slightly underripe if they are to be used in cooking.
To harvest cherries, gently pull or cut the fruit from the tree, taking care not to damage the branches. Fresh cherries can be stored in the refrigerator for up to a week, while surplus fruit can be frozen, dried, or made into preserves.
Challenges of Growing Cherry Trees in Britain
Despite the many rewards, growing cherry trees in Britain comes with its challenges. The climate, with its cool, wet winters and variable summers, can be less than ideal for cherry cultivation. Late frosts in spring can damage blossoms, reducing fruit set. Heavy rains during the growing season can increase the risk of fungal diseases.
Selecting varieties that are well-suited to the local climate and providing optimal care can help mitigate these challenges. Using frost protection measures, such as horticultural fleece, can safeguard blossoms during cold snaps. Ensuring good air circulation around the tree and avoiding overhead watering can reduce the incidence of fungal infections.
The Importance of Soil Health
The productivity of a cherry tree relies on the presence of nutrient-rich soil. Prior to planting, it is advisable to do a soil analysis to ascertain its pH and nutrient concentrations. Cherry trees thrive on soil that is slightly acidic to neutral, with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0. To increase the pH level of your soil, you can add lime if it is too acidic. On the other hand, sulphur may be utilised to decrease the pH of alkaline soils.
In addition to pH, soil fertility is crucial. Incorporating organic matter, such as compost or well-rotted manure, improves soil structure, moisture retention, and nutrient availability. Regularly feeding your cherry tree with a balanced fertilizer, especially during the growing season, supports healthy growth and fruit production.
Training and Shaping Cherry Trees
Training young cherry trees helps establish a strong framework for future growth. The open-centre or vase shape is commonly used for cherry trees, promoting good light penetration and air circulation. To achieve this shape, select three to five main branches evenly spaced around the trunk and prune away any competing shoots.
As the tree matures, continue to remove any inward-growing branches and maintain the open structure. This approach not only improves the tree’s health and productivity but also makes harvesting easier.
Watering and Irrigation
Consistent watering is essential for cherry trees, particularly during dry spells. While established trees are more drought-tolerant, young trees require regular watering to develop a strong root system. Deep, infrequent watering encourages roots to grow deeper into the soil, improving the tree’s resilience to dry conditions.
Installing a drip irrigation system can provide a slow, steady supply of water directly to the tree’s roots, reducing water waste and ensuring even moisture distribution. Mulching around the tree’s base further conserves moisture and reduces the need for frequent watering.
Mulching for Healthy Growth
Mulching is a beneficial practice for maintaining healthy cherry trees. Mulch also adds organic matter to the soil as it breaks down, enhancing soil fertility and structure.
Apply mulch in a circle around the tree, extending out to the drip line, but keep it a few inches away from the trunk to prevent rot and pest infestations. Replenish the mulch layer annually to maintain its benefits.
Fertilizing for Optimal Fruit Production
Fertilizing cherry trees supports their growth and fruiting. In the early spring, before new growth starts, apply a balanced fertilizer high in nitrogen to encourage leaf and shoot development. As the growing season progresses, switch to a fertilizer higher in phosphorus and potassium to promote flowering and fruit set.
Avoid over-fertilizing, as excessive nitrogen can lead to vigorous vegetative growth at the expense of fruit production. Regular soil tests can help you tailor your fertilization strategy to the specific needs of your cherry trees.
Understanding Cherry Tree Pollination
Pollination is a critical factor in fruit production. While some cherry varieties are self-fertile, others require cross-pollination from a compatible variety. Planting at least two different varieties that bloom at the same time can enhance pollination and increase fruit yield.
Bees and other pollinators play a vital role in this process. To attract pollinators to your garden, plant a variety of flowering plants and avoid using pesticides that can harm beneficial insects. Providing a habitat for pollinators not only benefits your cherry trees but also supports overall garden health.
Managing Cherry Tree Size
Controlling the size of your cherry tree can make maintenance and harvesting more manageable. Regular pruning helps keep the tree at a desired height and shape. Dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks are also available and can limit the tree’s size without compromising fruit quality.
If space is limited, consider training cherry trees against a wall or fence in a fan shape. This espalier technique saves space and can enhance sunlight exposure and air circulation, promoting healthier growth and fruit production.
Dealing with Birds and Wildlife
Birds can be both a delight and a challenge for cherry growers. While they add life to your garden, they can also feast on your ripe cherries before you have a chance to harvest them. Netting is an effective solution to protect your fruit from birds. Cover the tree with bird netting just as the fruit starts to ripen, ensuring it is securely anchored to prevent birds from getting underneath.
Scare tactics, such as reflective tape, decoys, and noise makers, can also deter birds, but they may become less effective over time as birds get used to them. Combining several methods can increase your chances of keeping birds at bay.
Addressing Common Cherry Tree Issues
Even with the best care, cherry trees can encounter problems. Leaf spot, characterized by small, dark lesions on leaves, is a common issue. To manage it, remove and destroy affected leaves and apply a fungicide if necessary. Cherry canker, which causes sunken, dead areas on branches, requires prompt pruning of infected limbs and improving overall tree health to prevent further spread.
Root problems, such as root rot, often result from poor drainage. Ensure your tree is planted in well-drained soil and avoid overwatering. Regular inspection and early intervention are crucial in maintaining the health of your cherry tree.
Enjoying the Fruits of Your Labor
Growing cherry trees in Britain can be a fulfilling experience, providing delicious fruit and a beautiful addition to your garden. With the right variety selection, proper planting, and consistent care, your cherry trees can thrive and produce abundant harvests for years to come.
Remember, patience and diligence are key. Cherry trees take a few years to establish and begin bearing fruit, but the reward of fresh, homegrown cherries is well worth the effort. By following the expert advice outlined in this guide, you can enjoy the sweet success of cherry cultivation in your own backyard.
In conclusion, the journey of growing cherry trees in Britain involves careful planning, attentive care, and a commitment to understanding the needs of your trees. From choosing the right varieties and planting them correctly to protecting them from pests and diseases, every step is crucial to ensure a healthy and productive cherry tree. With guidance from nursery experts and a bit of dedication, you can transform your garden into a thriving cherry orchard, providing fresh fruit and joy for years to come.
